Preterite
Use this for a finished past action. Nosotros can look familiar, so context matters.
| Person | -ar | -er / -ir |
|---|---|---|
| yo | -é | -í |
| tú | -aste | -iste |
| élellausted | -ó | -ió |
| nosotros | -amos | -imos |
| vosotros | -asteis | -isteis |
| ellosellasustedes | -aron | -ieron |
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Quick Conjugation
Jump into the conjugation reference for common verbs.
Indicative
Core statement tenses for facts, habits, finished actions, and straightforward future or conditional meaning.
Past
Present
Future
Present
Drop -ar / -er / -ir, then add the matching endings. The yo form is the short anchor.
| Person | -ar | -er | -ir |
|---|---|---|---|
| yo | -o | -o | -o |
| tú | -as | -es | -es |
| élellausted | -a | -e | -e |
| nosotros | -amos | -emos | -imos |
| vosotros | -áis | -éis | -ís |
| ellosellasustedes | -an | -en | -en |
Future
Attach these endings to the full infinitive instead of cutting off the verb ending.
| Person | All verbs |
|---|---|
| yo | -é |
| tú | -ás |
| élellausted | -á |
| nosotros | -emos |
| vosotros | -éis |
| ellosellasustedes | -án |
Imperfect
This paints the background or a repeated past habit rather than a completed snapshot.
| Person | -ar | -er / -ir |
|---|---|---|
| yo | -aba | -ía |
| tú | -abas | -ías |
| élellausted | -aba | -ía |
| nosotros | -ábamos | -íamos |
| vosotros | -abais | -íais |
| ellosellasustedes | -aban | -ían |
Conditional
Use the infinitive again, but switch to the -ía family for would and softer hypotheticals.
| Person | All verbs |
|---|---|
| yo | -ía |
| tú | -ías |
| élellausted | -ía |
| nosotros | -íamos |
| vosotros | -íais |
| ellosellasustedes | -ían |
Perfects
Compound tenses built with haber plus a past participle, useful when the action is framed as completed.
Past
Present
Future
Past Perfect (Pluperfect)
Add the past participle after the haber form. Most verbs use -ado or -ido.
| Person | Haber |
|---|---|
| yo | había + participle |
| tú | habías + participle |
| élellausted | había + participle |
| nosotros | habíamos + participle |
| vosotros | habíais + participle |
| ellosellasustedes | habían + participle |
Present Perfect
Add the past participle after the haber form. Most verbs use -ado or -ido.
| Person | Haber |
|---|---|
| yo | he + participle |
| tú | has + participle |
| élellausted | ha + participle |
| nosotros | hemos + participle |
| vosotros | habéis + participle |
| ellosellasustedes | han + participle |
Future Perfect
Add the past participle after the haber form. Most verbs use -ado or -ido.
| Person | Haber |
|---|---|
| yo | habré + participle |
| tú | habrás + participle |
| élellausted | habrá + participle |
| nosotros | habremos + participle |
| vosotros | habréis + participle |
| ellosellasustedes | habrán + participle |
Conditional Perfect
Add the past participle after the haber form. Most verbs use -ado or -ido.
| Person | Haber |
|---|---|
| yo | habría + participle |
| tú | habrías + participle |
| élellausted | habría + participle |
| nosotros | habríamos + participle |
| vosotros | habríais + participle |
| ellosellasustedes | habrían + participle |
Subjunctive
Reference patterns for uncertainty, reaction, desire, and other non-indicative contexts.
Past
Present
Imperfect Subjunctive
Use the classic -ra set here. It is the highest-value recognition pattern for most learners.
| Person | -ar | -er / -ir |
|---|---|---|
| yo | -ara | -iera |
| tú | -aras | -ieras |
| élellausted | -ara | -iera |
| nosotros | -áramos | -iéramos |
| vosotros | -arais | -ierais |
| ellosellasustedes | -aran | -ieran |
Present Subjunctive
Start from the yo-form stem idea: -ar flips toward -e, while -er and -ir flip toward -a.
| Person | -ar | -er / -ir |
|---|---|---|
| yo | -e | -a |
| tú | -es | -as |
| élellausted | -e | -a |
| nosotros | -emos | -amos |
| vosotros | -éis | -áis |
| ellosellasustedes | -en | -an |
Past Perfect Subjunctive
Add the past participle after the haber form. Most verbs use -ado or -ido.
| Person | Haber |
|---|---|
| yo | hubiera + participle |
| tú | hubieras + participle |
| élellausted | hubiera + participle |
| nosotros | hubiéramos + participle |
| vosotros | hubierais + participle |
| ellosellasustedes | hubieran + participle |
Present Perfect Subjunctive
Add the past participle after the haber form. Most verbs use -ado or -ido.
| Person | Haber |
|---|---|
| yo | haya + participle |
| tú | hayas + participle |
| élellausted | haya + participle |
| nosotros | hayamos + participle |
| vosotros | hayáis + participle |
| ellosellasustedes | hayan + participle |
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